Perceptual confusion and repair processes have been attributed to the way the perceptual system is adapted in accordance with native speakers’ phonological knowledge which comprises language-specific sounds (i.e., phonemes) as well as linguistic constraints (i.e., phonotactics) that constrain the co-occurrence of phonemes and govern the well-formedness and distinctiveness of phonological sequences (i.e., phonotactic constraints-and transitional probabilities For instance, perceptual assimilation or compensation for coarticulation are well-known processes that turn unattested, ill-formed phonological sequences into attested, well-formed sequences in a target language (i.e., /dla/ → /gla/ e.g., Diehl, Lotto, & Holt, 2004 Hallé, Seguí, Frauenfelder, & Meunier, 1998 Iverson, Kuhl, Akahane-Yamada, Diesch, Tohkura et al., 2003 Moreton, 2002 Pitt, 1998 Redford, 2008 Viswanathan, Magnuson, & Fowler, 2010). It is now well-known that speakers’ perceptual systems attune to (i.e., analyze, adjust, and learn) the encountered speech dynamically and at an early age even if the phonological sequences are unattested or ill-formed (e.g., Kuhl, 2004 Massaro, 2001 Saffran, Werker, & Werner, 2006). native speakers of French use a phonological repair involving an illusory epenthetic vowel for unattested, ill-formed onset clusters.ĢFor several decades, research has investigated how quickly and automatically speech perception converts acoustic signals into phonological representations (e.g., Massaro, 2001). the phonological sonority-related markedness is universal, and available to native speakers of French and permit the (mis)perception of unattested onset clusters 2. The present research examines whether-and how-1. More specifically, these studies have attempted to examine whether-and how-the Optimality Theory framework (e.g., Prince & Smolensky, 1997 2004) is able to make universal grammatical constraints available to all listeners in all languages and thus permits the (mis)perception of unattested, ill-formed onset clusters. and/or ill-formed in their native language? This question has been central to recent studies that have investigated the universal linguistic knowledge imposed on onset clusters in native speakers of English, Korean, Russian, and Spanish (e.g., Berent, Lennertz, Jun, Moreno, & Smolensky, 2008 Berent, Lennertz, & Rosselli, 2012a Berent, Lennertz, Smolensky, Vaknin-Nusbaum, 2009 Berent, Steriade, Lennertz, & Vaknin, 2007). 1What happens when speakers encounter phonological sequences that are unattested
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